Carl Stokes Urban Renewal
At a time when the City of Cleveland was starting to struggle, a hope of change came to the city. Although the hope of change came from this town and was raised in the same streets he would plan to benefit a day. Carl Stokes was the man who was born right in the same city he would one day become the mayor of. Stokes was raised by a single mother in the inner city of Cleveland so he understood some of the struggles going on in his city and wanted give back to his community. While at the time the city streets were becoming more dangerous with violence and crime. Also Cleveland's poverty was growing more in the inner cities while the suburbs were growing. When Stokes took over office in 1967 he was the first African American mayor in a major city. He was perfect for the job and understood the work ethic that was needed to bring change to his city. So he did exactly that by setting up programs to bring change like Cleveland Now, Model Cities, and Urban Renewal project.
While in office Carl Stokes was looking to help better the community becoming a model city. while at the time in America a lot was changing especially post world war II. Since the upper class moved out of the city, the lower class stand in and the inner city become sort of the slums. Stokes was very determined to settle this problem. Carl Stokes and Alan Goldfarb who was doing the same approach in Chicago, Goldfarb and Stokes exchanged many letters back and forth throughout the years in office. Alan Goldfarb was a part of the department of housing and urban development of Chicago, Illinois. Goldfarb was always helping out Stokes by giving him advice and guidance since Chicago had already been through similar problems as Cleveland. Goldfarb made sure to warn Stokes of the long process ahead of it. Since he knew it would be a long road of hard work ahead of him, Goldfarb wanted to make sure Stokes had the right people in his corner helping him out and doing the right jobs. Some other serious questions Goldfarb reminds Stokes of is who will be responsible for hiring, training, and cabinets for programs and departments.
Goldfarb, Alan. "Letter about Model Cities." July 7, 1971. 4370, 69, 1305. Western Reserve Historic Center. 10 March 2017.
Another time while Carl Stokes and Alan Goldfarb were exchanging letters, Goldfarb gave Stokes some ideas on the goals that Chicago had. Stokes then used the similar ideas for helping Cleveland. These ideas were still apart of the model cities program. First one of the main focuses was the education in the city. Like most cities a huge focus is on the education and making sure the future is striving for a better one. The goal was a education project that would fund $340,000 to help better everything from the education building, teachers, resources, and students. The next goal was setting up the mental health project which was funded at $107,000. Which once again had a focus on the future since this project was helping target and treat youth with mental illnesses. Another focus on the youth in the city was the goal of a school lunch program which was funded at $147,000. With tough times in the city it was very supportive of the schools to start helping children whose families couldn't give their own children lunch sometimes. The project helped give under privileged children free lunches and sometimes even provided breakfast as well. The other goals Goldfarb gave Stokes was to make sure to set aside reserved and emergency funds. The last thing any mayor would want is to bring a community together and promise a change but than run out of money. Also a large fund was given to City Council planning at $250,000 since they really wanted go all on making this change in the community. The last goal Goldfarb mentioned to Stokes was that citizens participation organizations role relates to the overall administrations, evolution, and monitoring units. This was good advice because Stokes needed the City of Cleveland to have his back. As a hometown guy he was the right man with the right plan and being able to get citizens to help out their fellow neighbors by volunteering and working together can go a long way.
Goldfarb, Alan "Letter about Model Cities." June 30, 1971. 4370, 69, 1305. Western Reserve Historic Center. 10 March 2017.
A program that Carl Stokes started was the Neighborhood Development Program. In November of 1968, Stokes gave a statement which was around the start of Cleveland Now! Carl Stokes talks on initiated a number of programs to build new homes, apartments, upgrade parks, recreational facilities, and city services. In the first year the program would cost $15 million for both east and west Cleveland. The program consisted of building and refurbishing 1,650 housing units and would plan to relocate less than 200 people. Also the program makes possible low-interest loans for people who want to repair their homes. A direst quote from Carl Stokes in the statement is "Change will take place in a minimum of time and with a minimum of discomfort to the people in the area. There will be no mass bulldozing, no areas of vacant land lying around unused for years and no relocating of people before new or rehabilitated housing in the same neighborhoods is ready for them to move into...We believe in giving people a voice in what will happen in their own backyard."
Attached with the statement was some of the proposed areas for the Neighborhood Development Program given by honorable city council member Richard Green. Some of the areas included Tremont, Mt. Pleasant, Miles Heights, and East Woodland. Also around University circle with Euclid, Fairfax, and Norwood. Among with Glenville and Forest Hills. At the time these areas were struggling and this statement by Carl Stokes gave people in these areas hope and excited for the future. Also the program allowed people to get what they wanted, how they wanted. With the new facilities and homes being built among with low-interest rates proved that the people of Cleveland can depend on Carl Stokes and he is there for the community and not himself.
Stokes, Carl. "Carl Stokes Statement." Neighborhood Development Program. November 18, 1968. 4370, 69, 1306. Western Reserve Historic Center. 28 April 2017.
Green, Richard. "Neighborhood Development Program. November 18, 1968. 4370, 69, 1306. Western Reserve Historic Center. 28 April 2017.
Another goal for Carl Stokes when he stepped into office was to make his city safer. During this time in America riots were spreading all among the nation and Cleveland was a city that experienced it themselves. With this problem growing in the country President Richard Nixon proposed a Riot Program Clean-Up. Carl Stokes lead this program into his city in hope to clean up riot areas. The focus in Cleveland was in Hough and Glenville. A riot that had happened in Hough killed 4 people, injured many with arrest and damage to buildings. Then two years later a riot broke out in Glenville which turned to become worse than Hough when it turns to chaos when the riot carried over for a couple of days.
This was at a time in the nation when African Americans were fighting for their civil rights by leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. The country felt divided and African Americas were sick of being mistreated. After the riots in Cleveland there was still an aftermath in these areas of the city. Carl Stokes was determined to put an end to this and clean up the community. Stokes received a letter by Thomas S. Kilbridge who helped Chicago deal with similar problems. Kilbridge gave some advice to Carl Stokes on how to deal with these areas and the first objective was demolition which was funded at $400,000. Next was neighborhood clean-up funded at $100,000 and the goal was to remove abandoned cars, street repair, and clean up Hough and Glenville. To clean up redevelop and clean up the Glenville area was funded at $30,000. Then $300,000 was given to change the open space in these areas. One way of changing the open space was by building a playground on Hough Avenue.
Kilbridge, Thomas. "Letter about Riot Program Clean-Up." 1969. 4370, 69, 1307. Western Reserve Historic Center. 6 May 2017.
At the beginning of the Urban Renewal project Mayor Carl Stokes made agenda of all the stuff he wants to accomplish. Stokes wrote 15 different objectives that would he planned on benefiting the city with. Two of the points Stokes wanted to make was completing five playgrounds and use open areas for parks. This was great for the community because not only did the parks bring jobs and people together but also Carl Stokes made sure to never let any little piece of land go unused for the city. Next he wanted to construct multi-purpose centers like recreational centers. This also brought in more jobs to locals and gave people a safe place to come together. Also Stokes planned on demolishing all vacant and vandalized structures and this allowed to make room for new things to be built. Then Carl Stokes listed he wants to correct housing codes, provide public housing in project area, and use existing housing as public housing resource. Housing was a really big subject for Stokes since he lived in those same type of houses as a child he understood that something needed to be done about it. That's also another reason why he was very aggressive on launching a program to rehabilitate property. A final point that Stokes wanted was to carry out vigorous code enforcement and increase staff. Carl Stokes was on a mission to make his city safer, smarter, and all around better.
Stokes, Carl. "Cleveland Report" Urban Renewal General. November 29, 1967. 4307, 69, 1309. Western Reserve Historic Center. 6 May 2017.
"In 1933 Ohio was the first state to pass enabling legislation for the creation of local housing authorities" (Chandler). The Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority (CMHA) offers Cleveland a unique opportunity to explore the public housing in Ohio where public legislation originated. The location of CMHA includes all of Cuyahoga County with the exception of Chagrin Falls. Although the main concern for this project was to focus in on central city of Cleveland. In the 1970's 70% of all units located on the east side were African America. During the 70's to locate public housing in suburban communities met resistance. The reason why is because public housing requires a cooperation agreement between public housing authority and local municipality. Objections included such comments as "I think in it's attempt to force this public housing upon political subdivisions we are trying to destroy the basic philosophies on which this country was founded." In 1971, the Cleveland city council authorized the construction of 2,500 units throughout the city. Mayor Stokes decried the number of units as inadequate. Stokes said "Political expediency, not community need, was allowed to dictate the figure." CMHA proposed to build 6,750 units.
Chandler, Mittie Olion. Dennis Keating, Norman Krumbotz, David C. Perry. "Cleveland a Metropolitan Reader". Kent State University Press. 28 April 2017.
The next program Carl Stokes gave to his city had to be a group effort between Stokes and the whole city. The Workable program needed Stokes to give the city everything he had while he needed the city to follow right behind him. Getting this program to become successful would leave a huge impact on the city for the years to come. Edward J. Logue wrote a letter to Carl Stokes explained what Stokes needs to do himself to get this program to be success. Stokes needed six key characteristics to get this program going in the right direction. The first was progress and at the time the City of Cleveland had very little progress going their way. Just like every other big city, Cleveland had slums and large scale problems. Stokes needed the program to embrace city planning, urban renewal, publicity assisted housing, enforcement, and construction of public facilities. The second step was resources because the programs will not be successful if there aren't enough resources required for success. As said by Logue "I cannot stress too much the fact that it will be necessary for Cleveland to break new ground in obtaining resources if substantial progress is to be achieved quickly. The usual approaches are not available. Private start-up money is essential." The next characteristic would be structure because the average American city has an administrative structure can run their city poorly but still get by well. Although Cleveland is not one of those cities and the city would need Carl Stokes to be at his best to get his city to succeed. "Cleveland must get itself a community development that will work. An informal structure can be created by executive order quickly. This will do for a short time while a more detailed study is undertaken and the necessary local, and/or state legislation is drafted and hopefully adopted" (Logue). The four requirement for Stokes was staff. Although Carl Stokes was a very success man he needed to surround himself with people who are also very success, best at their job and on the same page as Stokes. As if Stokes had to build a great team around him to help the city move in the right direction. "Recruiting a top flight staff of local people and out-of-towners where required must be a high priority programs" (Logue) The fifth requirement for Stokes and Cleveland was Administration, although the there times the administration goes unrecognized. Yet all over the nation the most successful cities are when the authority and responsibility over all functions are given to one person responsible the mayor. "Cleveland has gone part of the way toward administrative integration but by no means far enough" (Logue) The final requirement was leadership, the whole cities future is relying on Stokes and the people need someone they can connect with and trust. During a time when the whole city is relying on Stokes he needed to be the most determined and focused person in the entire process.
Logue, Edward. "Workable Program" May 4, 1971. 4370, 69, Western Reserve Historic Center. 6 May 2017.
Carl Stokes was born right in the city he'll one day become mayor of on June 2, 1927. With a single mother and his brother Louis, the Stokes family struggled getting by. The Stokes family grew up in the first federally funded housing project in Cleveland. With a tough childhood Carl ended up dropping out high school and then joined the army. After serving in the army Carl decided to come back to education and get his high school diploma. Then decided to further his education to University of Minnesota. After graduating college Carl joined his brother Louis at a law firm in Cleveland. After running for mayor on his first attempt he fell short of victory. Although Carl Stokes went right back at it and achieved his goal of becoming mayor with many goals ahead.
Moore, Leonard. "Carl B. Stokes and the Rise of Black Political Power". Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2003. 7 May 2017.
Carl Stokes is a inspiration but seems to go unnoticed outside of Cleveland. If more people heard Carl Stokes story and learned about him more than it could make a difference in today's world. With struggles going on in America today Carl Stokes would be a hope of change. After growing up seeing his own and others struggles he saw what the change is that needs to happen. Then when he become mayor he did exactly what he said he would and always thought about his community first. His story and leadership that he gave us reminds me of people like former President Barak Obama. With having to deal with racism of being colored in a dominate white field. But they both overcame the odds against them and rose to become a true leader. Another similarity that Carl Stokes reminds me of is President Franklin Roosevelt. I see similarities with the Cleveland Now project and the New Deal. Both of them were set on making a progressive change from the very start of their time in office. Carl Stokes was the right guy for Cleveland when his city needed him most and he delivered for his community.
Buildings like this were all over the city of Cleveland and Carl Stokes saw how these poor beaten up buildings left a bad image on the city.
During Carl Stokes time in his office he wanted to make sure to get more parks and public places in his city. This image is around University circle and euclid which was a main focus during his Cleveland Now programs.
This photo was taken after Carl Stokes had been announced the new mayor of Cleveland. The people are seen dancing in the street happily and hopeful for the future Carl Stokes will bring.
While in office Carl Stokes was looking to help better the community becoming a model city. while at the time in America a lot was changing especially post world war II. Since the upper class moved out of the city, the lower class stand in and the inner city become sort of the slums. Stokes was very determined to settle this problem. Carl Stokes and Alan Goldfarb who was doing the same approach in Chicago, Goldfarb and Stokes exchanged many letters back and forth throughout the years in office. Alan Goldfarb was a part of the department of housing and urban development of Chicago, Illinois. Goldfarb was always helping out Stokes by giving him advice and guidance since Chicago had already been through similar problems as Cleveland. Goldfarb made sure to warn Stokes of the long process ahead of it. Since he knew it would be a long road of hard work ahead of him, Goldfarb wanted to make sure Stokes had the right people in his corner helping him out and doing the right jobs. Some other serious questions Goldfarb reminds Stokes of is who will be responsible for hiring, training, and cabinets for programs and departments.
Goldfarb, Alan. "Letter about Model Cities." July 7, 1971. 4370, 69, 1305. Western Reserve Historic Center. 10 March 2017.
Another time while Carl Stokes and Alan Goldfarb were exchanging letters, Goldfarb gave Stokes some ideas on the goals that Chicago had. Stokes then used the similar ideas for helping Cleveland. These ideas were still apart of the model cities program. First one of the main focuses was the education in the city. Like most cities a huge focus is on the education and making sure the future is striving for a better one. The goal was a education project that would fund $340,000 to help better everything from the education building, teachers, resources, and students. The next goal was setting up the mental health project which was funded at $107,000. Which once again had a focus on the future since this project was helping target and treat youth with mental illnesses. Another focus on the youth in the city was the goal of a school lunch program which was funded at $147,000. With tough times in the city it was very supportive of the schools to start helping children whose families couldn't give their own children lunch sometimes. The project helped give under privileged children free lunches and sometimes even provided breakfast as well. The other goals Goldfarb gave Stokes was to make sure to set aside reserved and emergency funds. The last thing any mayor would want is to bring a community together and promise a change but than run out of money. Also a large fund was given to City Council planning at $250,000 since they really wanted go all on making this change in the community. The last goal Goldfarb mentioned to Stokes was that citizens participation organizations role relates to the overall administrations, evolution, and monitoring units. This was good advice because Stokes needed the City of Cleveland to have his back. As a hometown guy he was the right man with the right plan and being able to get citizens to help out their fellow neighbors by volunteering and working together can go a long way.
Goldfarb, Alan "Letter about Model Cities." June 30, 1971. 4370, 69, 1305. Western Reserve Historic Center. 10 March 2017.
A program that Carl Stokes started was the Neighborhood Development Program. In November of 1968, Stokes gave a statement which was around the start of Cleveland Now! Carl Stokes talks on initiated a number of programs to build new homes, apartments, upgrade parks, recreational facilities, and city services. In the first year the program would cost $15 million for both east and west Cleveland. The program consisted of building and refurbishing 1,650 housing units and would plan to relocate less than 200 people. Also the program makes possible low-interest loans for people who want to repair their homes. A direst quote from Carl Stokes in the statement is "Change will take place in a minimum of time and with a minimum of discomfort to the people in the area. There will be no mass bulldozing, no areas of vacant land lying around unused for years and no relocating of people before new or rehabilitated housing in the same neighborhoods is ready for them to move into...We believe in giving people a voice in what will happen in their own backyard."
Attached with the statement was some of the proposed areas for the Neighborhood Development Program given by honorable city council member Richard Green. Some of the areas included Tremont, Mt. Pleasant, Miles Heights, and East Woodland. Also around University circle with Euclid, Fairfax, and Norwood. Among with Glenville and Forest Hills. At the time these areas were struggling and this statement by Carl Stokes gave people in these areas hope and excited for the future. Also the program allowed people to get what they wanted, how they wanted. With the new facilities and homes being built among with low-interest rates proved that the people of Cleveland can depend on Carl Stokes and he is there for the community and not himself.
Stokes, Carl. "Carl Stokes Statement." Neighborhood Development Program. November 18, 1968. 4370, 69, 1306. Western Reserve Historic Center. 28 April 2017.
Green, Richard. "Neighborhood Development Program. November 18, 1968. 4370, 69, 1306. Western Reserve Historic Center. 28 April 2017.
Another goal for Carl Stokes when he stepped into office was to make his city safer. During this time in America riots were spreading all among the nation and Cleveland was a city that experienced it themselves. With this problem growing in the country President Richard Nixon proposed a Riot Program Clean-Up. Carl Stokes lead this program into his city in hope to clean up riot areas. The focus in Cleveland was in Hough and Glenville. A riot that had happened in Hough killed 4 people, injured many with arrest and damage to buildings. Then two years later a riot broke out in Glenville which turned to become worse than Hough when it turns to chaos when the riot carried over for a couple of days.
This was at a time in the nation when African Americans were fighting for their civil rights by leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. The country felt divided and African Americas were sick of being mistreated. After the riots in Cleveland there was still an aftermath in these areas of the city. Carl Stokes was determined to put an end to this and clean up the community. Stokes received a letter by Thomas S. Kilbridge who helped Chicago deal with similar problems. Kilbridge gave some advice to Carl Stokes on how to deal with these areas and the first objective was demolition which was funded at $400,000. Next was neighborhood clean-up funded at $100,000 and the goal was to remove abandoned cars, street repair, and clean up Hough and Glenville. To clean up redevelop and clean up the Glenville area was funded at $30,000. Then $300,000 was given to change the open space in these areas. One way of changing the open space was by building a playground on Hough Avenue.
Kilbridge, Thomas. "Letter about Riot Program Clean-Up." 1969. 4370, 69, 1307. Western Reserve Historic Center. 6 May 2017.
At the beginning of the Urban Renewal project Mayor Carl Stokes made agenda of all the stuff he wants to accomplish. Stokes wrote 15 different objectives that would he planned on benefiting the city with. Two of the points Stokes wanted to make was completing five playgrounds and use open areas for parks. This was great for the community because not only did the parks bring jobs and people together but also Carl Stokes made sure to never let any little piece of land go unused for the city. Next he wanted to construct multi-purpose centers like recreational centers. This also brought in more jobs to locals and gave people a safe place to come together. Also Stokes planned on demolishing all vacant and vandalized structures and this allowed to make room for new things to be built. Then Carl Stokes listed he wants to correct housing codes, provide public housing in project area, and use existing housing as public housing resource. Housing was a really big subject for Stokes since he lived in those same type of houses as a child he understood that something needed to be done about it. That's also another reason why he was very aggressive on launching a program to rehabilitate property. A final point that Stokes wanted was to carry out vigorous code enforcement and increase staff. Carl Stokes was on a mission to make his city safer, smarter, and all around better.
Stokes, Carl. "Cleveland Report" Urban Renewal General. November 29, 1967. 4307, 69, 1309. Western Reserve Historic Center. 6 May 2017.
"In 1933 Ohio was the first state to pass enabling legislation for the creation of local housing authorities" (Chandler). The Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority (CMHA) offers Cleveland a unique opportunity to explore the public housing in Ohio where public legislation originated. The location of CMHA includes all of Cuyahoga County with the exception of Chagrin Falls. Although the main concern for this project was to focus in on central city of Cleveland. In the 1970's 70% of all units located on the east side were African America. During the 70's to locate public housing in suburban communities met resistance. The reason why is because public housing requires a cooperation agreement between public housing authority and local municipality. Objections included such comments as "I think in it's attempt to force this public housing upon political subdivisions we are trying to destroy the basic philosophies on which this country was founded." In 1971, the Cleveland city council authorized the construction of 2,500 units throughout the city. Mayor Stokes decried the number of units as inadequate. Stokes said "Political expediency, not community need, was allowed to dictate the figure." CMHA proposed to build 6,750 units.
Chandler, Mittie Olion. Dennis Keating, Norman Krumbotz, David C. Perry. "Cleveland a Metropolitan Reader". Kent State University Press. 28 April 2017.
The next program Carl Stokes gave to his city had to be a group effort between Stokes and the whole city. The Workable program needed Stokes to give the city everything he had while he needed the city to follow right behind him. Getting this program to become successful would leave a huge impact on the city for the years to come. Edward J. Logue wrote a letter to Carl Stokes explained what Stokes needs to do himself to get this program to be success. Stokes needed six key characteristics to get this program going in the right direction. The first was progress and at the time the City of Cleveland had very little progress going their way. Just like every other big city, Cleveland had slums and large scale problems. Stokes needed the program to embrace city planning, urban renewal, publicity assisted housing, enforcement, and construction of public facilities. The second step was resources because the programs will not be successful if there aren't enough resources required for success. As said by Logue "I cannot stress too much the fact that it will be necessary for Cleveland to break new ground in obtaining resources if substantial progress is to be achieved quickly. The usual approaches are not available. Private start-up money is essential." The next characteristic would be structure because the average American city has an administrative structure can run their city poorly but still get by well. Although Cleveland is not one of those cities and the city would need Carl Stokes to be at his best to get his city to succeed. "Cleveland must get itself a community development that will work. An informal structure can be created by executive order quickly. This will do for a short time while a more detailed study is undertaken and the necessary local, and/or state legislation is drafted and hopefully adopted" (Logue). The four requirement for Stokes was staff. Although Carl Stokes was a very success man he needed to surround himself with people who are also very success, best at their job and on the same page as Stokes. As if Stokes had to build a great team around him to help the city move in the right direction. "Recruiting a top flight staff of local people and out-of-towners where required must be a high priority programs" (Logue) The fifth requirement for Stokes and Cleveland was Administration, although the there times the administration goes unrecognized. Yet all over the nation the most successful cities are when the authority and responsibility over all functions are given to one person responsible the mayor. "Cleveland has gone part of the way toward administrative integration but by no means far enough" (Logue) The final requirement was leadership, the whole cities future is relying on Stokes and the people need someone they can connect with and trust. During a time when the whole city is relying on Stokes he needed to be the most determined and focused person in the entire process.
Logue, Edward. "Workable Program" May 4, 1971. 4370, 69, Western Reserve Historic Center. 6 May 2017.
Carl Stokes was born right in the city he'll one day become mayor of on June 2, 1927. With a single mother and his brother Louis, the Stokes family struggled getting by. The Stokes family grew up in the first federally funded housing project in Cleveland. With a tough childhood Carl ended up dropping out high school and then joined the army. After serving in the army Carl decided to come back to education and get his high school diploma. Then decided to further his education to University of Minnesota. After graduating college Carl joined his brother Louis at a law firm in Cleveland. After running for mayor on his first attempt he fell short of victory. Although Carl Stokes went right back at it and achieved his goal of becoming mayor with many goals ahead.
Moore, Leonard. "Carl B. Stokes and the Rise of Black Political Power". Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2003. 7 May 2017.
Carl Stokes is a inspiration but seems to go unnoticed outside of Cleveland. If more people heard Carl Stokes story and learned about him more than it could make a difference in today's world. With struggles going on in America today Carl Stokes would be a hope of change. After growing up seeing his own and others struggles he saw what the change is that needs to happen. Then when he become mayor he did exactly what he said he would and always thought about his community first. His story and leadership that he gave us reminds me of people like former President Barak Obama. With having to deal with racism of being colored in a dominate white field. But they both overcame the odds against them and rose to become a true leader. Another similarity that Carl Stokes reminds me of is President Franklin Roosevelt. I see similarities with the Cleveland Now project and the New Deal. Both of them were set on making a progressive change from the very start of their time in office. Carl Stokes was the right guy for Cleveland when his city needed him most and he delivered for his community.
Stokes, Carl B. Promises of Power: A Political Autobiography. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1973.
The start of Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd near University Circle and the start of Rockefeller park. Stokes helped the park started through his programs.
Buildings like this were all over the city of Cleveland and Carl Stokes saw how these poor beaten up buildings left a bad image on the city.
During Carl Stokes time in his office he wanted to make sure to get more parks and public places in his city. This image is around University circle and euclid which was a main focus during his Cleveland Now programs.
This photo was taken after Carl Stokes had been announced the new mayor of Cleveland. The people are seen dancing in the street happily and hopeful for the future Carl Stokes will bring.
You did a really good job on your blog post. Your primary sources were really good they came with a lot of information and you did a great job by explaining them. The primary source Carl Stokes neighbor hood program was a great source to use it really showed how much he helped with bringing Cleveland up. The letter about model cities I thought was really cool because I think there are placers like that today so I found that very interesting. The last picture you choose is really cool because it showed how happy people were when Carl Stokes became mayor. The picture of the building was a great representation of how Cleveland was before Carl Stokes and it really shows how we improved. I couldn't find a conclusion but you did a very good job with your project because it really shows how much Carl Stokes did to help our city out.
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